Product & Service Development
Software tested before being put in production
EffectiveSoftware, whether purchased or developed, should be thoroughly tested before it is put into production. The extent of testing should be proportionate to the importance, the nature of the system and the potential impact of the change being introduced.
**Requirements**
- The developed source code should be tested during and after development. This can be done by means of vulnerability scanning (SAST).
- The organisation should consider writing test plans. Test plans should be determined using a range of criteria, including security and privacy considerations.
- Used libraries should be regularly scanned for information security issues and known vulnerabilities (Software Composition Analysis or SCA). The results should be evaluated and action taken if necessary.
- The organisation should consider having the software code reviewed by someone other than the developer before it is put into production (4-eye principle, or peer review). Peer reviews should assess the quality of the source code, compliance with secure software development policies, use of required development environments, platforms and tools, adequate testing and documentation, and follow-up of identified vulnerabilities.
Secure system architecture established
EffectiveA secure system architecture is designed and implemented for products and services developed or acquired by the organisation. Information security risks and requirements are identified, implemented, and monitored throughout the software development lifecycle.
**Requirements**
- The organisation performs activities such as concept exploration, analysis of alternatives, and preliminary or applied research to refine the concepts and/or feasibility of technologies used in a new system.
- The organisation defines information security and privacy requirements for products or services to be delivered by the project using various methods and inputs, such as information security policy, regulatory requirements, threat modelling, incident reviews, and the use of vulnerability thresholds or contingency planning.
- The architecture should consider any assumptions about - and dependencies on - external systems and services;
- This effort is initiated during the concept and development phases of the system lifecycle
Limited use of live data in development and test environments
EffectiveOperational data used in development and test environments should be appropriately selected, protected, and managed.
**Requirements**
- The organisation should secure test information in accordance with the information classification and management policy and relevant laws and regulations, such as by limiting the use of (sensitive) (personal) data, securing access to development and test environments, logging & monitoring, and masking and/or anonymising data where necessary.
- Live data should be removed from the test environment immediately after testing has been completed, if possible.
Development, test and production environments separated
EffectiveDevelopment, test, and production environments are logically or physically separated to protect the production environment from the risks of development and testing activities.
**Requirements**
- The organisation should consider: the necessary degree of separation (logical or physical), what activities are performed in each environment, rules and procedures for transporting software code between environments, access restrictions and segregation of duties, monitoring and backups, and minimising or masking of live data in development and test environments.
Software project management applied
EffectiveSoftware projects, including their information security requirements, are managed and monitored throughout the software development lifecycle.
**Requirements**
- The organisation identifies, assesses, monitors, and reports on security risks for products or services to be delivered by projects.
- The organisation defines and assigns information security responsibilities and authorities relevant to the project to specified roles.
- When selecting a development platform (including development tools and environments), the organisation should consider the following: the extent to which the software supports project development (such as project tracking, roles and responsibilities, milestones, priorities, project monitoring, and progress reporting), secure storage and processing of software code, configuration options, and functionality that allows code to be developed and tested securely.
Secure coding practices applied
EffectiveWhen developing software, secure coding principles should be applied to ensure that the number of potential information security vulnerabilities in the software is reduced.
**Requirements**
- When analysing the source code, the organisation should consider the following: level of adherence to programming standards and practices, readability of the code, use of insecure constructs and functions, opportunities to reduce the attack surface, and consideration of the most common programming errors and vulnerabilities in the source code (e.g. OWASP top 10).
- The organisation should consider separating application secrets (passwords, API keys, SSH keys, and digital certificates) from the source code (e.g. in environment variables or in a key vault), to prevent theft of authentication credentials via the application source code.
- The organisation should consider the following issues regarding the use of external libraries and tools: popularity, actively managed including regular updates, secure history and reputation, from trusted sources, availability of development sources for future management and maintenance.
**Definitions**
**Application Secret:** This is information that should be kept secret, such as passwords, API keys, SSH keys, and digital certificates.
**Code Linter:** A tool that programmatically scans source code with the goal of identifying potential problems early. Code linters are strong in identifying stylistic errors, suspicious constructions, and bugs.
**IDE:** Integrated Development Environment
**SAST:** Static testing for application security. A SAST tool programmatically scans source code with the goal of identifying potential vulnerabilities early. SAST tools are strong in identifying the use of poorly secured access methods and opportunities to reduce the attack surface (e.g., analysis of duplicate source code and unused functions).
Threats & Vulnerabilities
Threat and vulnerability information collected and followed up
EffectiveInformation is gathered and acted upon on existing or emerging threats and vulnerabilities of deployed information systems and the organisation's exposure to these threats and vulnerabilities.
**Requirements**
- The organisation should obtain a clear understanding and situational awareness of evolving threats and attacker tactics in the current threat landscape (and their potential impact on the business), sharing strategic, tactical, and operational threat information as appropriate, and using it to support strategic decision-making, risk assessment, and resource allocation.
- The organisation should establish and maintain contact with special interest groups or other specialized security forums and professional associations.
- It is recommended to use additional sources of information, preferably independent vendors or consultants, government agencies, or groups that collectively gather and analyse threat information.
- It is recommended to determine the source(s) of information used to identify vulnerabilities for each relevant asset.
- It is recommended to use technologies to collect vulnerabilities and evaluate their relevance to assets in use by the organisation.
- The organisation should analyse the information gathered and use it as input into processes that address vulnerabilities (e.g., incident response, software updates, anti-malware, and configuration management).
- The list of information sources and other methods to identify vulnerabilities should be documented and kept up to date.
Vulnerability management system in use
EffectiveKnown vulnerabilities in deployed software and hardware are identified, evaluated, and remedied using a vulnerability management system.
**Requirements**
- It is recommended to use technologies that are able to:
a) collect known vulnerabilities;
b) scan assets (servers, virtual machines, e-mail servers, developed or purchased (web) applications) for the presence of these vulnerabilities, e.g. using DAST; and
c) implement or propose solutions (patches or compensating measures).
**Definitions**
**Dynamic Application Security Testing (DAST):** A process of testing a (web) application in a running state to find security vulnerabilities (as opposed to SAST, which is performed on the source code). DAST tools analyse programs while they are running to detect security issues such as memory corruption, unsafe configuration, cross-site scripting, user privilege issues, SQL injection, and other critical security issues.
Software kept up to date
EffectiveSoftware and firmware are kept up to date to ensure that the latest approved patches and application updates are installed for all approved software.
**Requirements**
- The organisation should implement patch management in line with the requirements of the change policy.
- For purchased software, facilities to automatically deploy updates should be considered.
- For cloud software, patch management should be contractually enforced by the vendor.
- The organisation should consider alternative measures when an unacceptable software vulnerability is identified for which no update is available or can be installed (e.g., disabling services, isolating software, modifying firewalls, etc.)
Anti-malware technology applied
EffectiveTechnology is used to detect and remove malicious software (malware).
**Requirements**
- It should be determined where the application of anti-malware technology will have the most effect; in application protocols such as email, file transfer, and the web, and/or in user endpoint devices (e.g. laptops) and servers
- Anti-malware software should be updated regularly, and the monitored information assets should be scanned regularly.
**Definitions**
**Malware:** Software used to disrupt computer systems, gather sensitive information, or gain access to private computer systems. Derived from 'malicious software'
Logging & Monitoring
Log files secured
EffectiveLog files are protected against unauthorised modification.
**Requirements**
- Log files should be secured in such a way that no user is able to modify, delete, or otherwise manipulate the log of their own activities.
Security events monitored
EffectiveNetworks, systems and applications should be monitored for abnormal behaviour and appropriate measures should be taken to evaluate potential information security incidents.
**Requirements**
- The monitoring system should be configured based on the established baseline (see logging & monitoring policy) to identify abnormal behaviour, to report on it and to minimize false positives.
- When using cloud services, it should be clear which party is responsible for (configuring) monitoring systems and following up on deviations.
- Monitoring should be done in real-time or at regular intervals, depending on the needs and possibilities of the organisation.
Log files created for security events
EffectiveLog files recording activities, exceptions, errors and other relevant events should be produced, stored, secured and analysed.
**Requirements**
- Logging should be in line with the logging & monitoring policy.
- Log files should contain the following information: user identifications, system activities, dates/times and details of relevant events, identity of assets and their (virtual) location, network addresses and protocols.
- To help identify important events for information security monitoring, the use of appropriate system tools or auditing tools for querying records may be considered (e.g. IDS, SIEM).
**Definitions**
**IDS:** Intrusion Detection System
**SIEM:** Security Information and Event Management
Resource capacity monitored
EffectiveThe capacity and performance of assets (e.g. systems, applications and services) are continuously monitored to ensure that current and anticipated future capacity requirements are met.
**Requirements**
- Performance monitoring should be set up in line with requirements identified during the business impact analysis (BIA) and/or business continuity planning (BCP).
- Measures should be in place to identify and monitor capacity issues.
- Management should use this information to identify and prevent challenges and dependencies.
**Definitions**
**Resources:** These are the resources that the company has at its disposal to deliver services and products. Systems, applications and services are assets, but so are physical locations, personnel and budget.
People & Culture
Employees trained in line with job responsibilities
EffectiveEmployees should be appropriately educated and trained in information security and relevant aspects of the ISMS, as relevant to their role.
**Requirements**
- The organisation should establish an information security awareness program, education and training in accordance with the ISMS, which should include the following aspects: awareness activities, management involvement in information security, the need to be aware of and comply with applicable rules and requirements, personal responsibility in this regard, basic measures such as incident reporting and password protection, contact points and sources for additional information, guidance, and materials, and a final evaluation or assessment of understanding.
- The awareness program should (preferably): take into account the roles of personnel (including internal and external personnel), be conducted regularly and on a staggered basis, and build on lessons learned from information security incidents.
- For technical teams with roles that require specific skills and expertise, the organisation should establish, prepare, and implement an appropriate training plan.
- Employees should be trained periodically and, where necessary, when the role description changes.
**Definitions**
**ISMS:** Information Security Management System.
Screening performed for employees
EffectiveAll individuals who enter into employment (full, part, and/or temporary) are screened prior to commencement of employment.
**Requirements**
- Screening should be proportionate to the business requirements, the classification of information the individual will have access to, and the identified risks.
- The following screening activities should be considered, and carried out depending on the criticality of the candidate's role and access: business and personal references, curriculum vitae check, confirmation of claimed academic and professional qualifications, independent identity checks (e.g. passport), and more detailed checks (e.g. credit checks or criminal records).
- Screening should be carried out in accordance with all relevant privacy requirements and applicable employment laws
- For contract staff, screening requirements should be included in vendor contracts.
- Screening should be carried out on promotion and periodically, depending on the criticality of an individual's role and access.
Information security in employment contracts
EffectiveEmployment contracts should specify the responsibilities of personnel and the organisation with regard to information security.
**Requirements**
- The organisation should ensure that personnel and contractors agree to terms and conditions regarding information security.
- These terms and conditions should include the information security policy (including relevant policies on specific topics) and should be appropriate to the nature and extent of access they will have to (ISMS-relevant) company resources.
- The following points should be addressed where relevant: confidentiality agreements (NDAs), legal responsibilities and rights (e.g. over intellectual property), responsibilities for information received, and disciplinary measures.
- The organisation should ensure that personnel and contractors agree to these terms and conditions.
- The information security terms and conditions should be reviewed when laws, regulations, information security policies or topic-specific policies change.
**Definitions**
**ISMS:** Information Security Management System.
System & Network Security
Network segmentation implemented
EffectiveGroups of information services, users, and information systems are logically or physically separated from each other (segmented).
**Requirements**
- Groups of information services, users, and information systems (e.g., virtual machines, WANs, and wi-fi networks) should be defined and separated from each other in the organisational network. This can be done by information security criteria (e.g., public domain, desktop domain, server domain, low-risk or high-risk systems), organisational departments (e.g., human resources, finance, marketing), or a combination of both.
- Network boundaries, and in particular the external boundaries of each domain and with the Internet, should be defined and governed by a gateway (e.g., firewall).
- Wireless access networks for guests should be separated from those for staff.
Data Security & Privacy
Encryption of data in transit
EffectiveTransmitted data is appropriately encrypted to ensure data integrity and confidentiality.
**Requirements**
- Encryption of data in transit should comply with the requirements of the secure baseline configuration and cryptographic key management policy (see access control policy)
Encryption of data at rest
EffectiveStored data is appropriately encrypted to ensure data integrity and confidentiality.
**Requirements**
- Encryption of stored data should be in accordance with the requirements of the secure baseline configuration and cryptographic key management policy (see access control policy )
Information(assets) classified, labelled and managed
EffectiveInformation is classified, labelled, and managed in accordance with the information classification and management policy.
**Requirements**
- The organisation should periodically determine that information, in accordance with the information classification and management policy:
a) is (appropriately) classified and labelled, e.g., by means of a business impact analysis for all information and information assets;
b) is processed in accordance with the requirements arising from the classification (e.g., restriction of access and distribution, secure processing and transfer, masking or anonymisation, retention, encryption, and back-up).
- The organisation should identify and make available documentation that the organisation considers necessary for the effectiveness of the information security management system.
Data leakage prevention (DLP) technology in use
EffectiveWhere the protection of sensitive data (e.g., personal data) is a concern, the organisation should consider deploying a technology that helps prevent data leakage.
**Requirements**
- The organisation should identify and categorise sensitive data that requires the implementation of a data leakage prevention technology to meet legal, statutory, regulatory, and contractual requirements.
- The organisation should then deploy it on systems, networks, and other devices on or through which the sensitive information is processed, stored, or transported.
- The organisation should consider the following tools:
a) Identifying which sensitive information is at risk of unauthorised disclosure (e.g., in unstructured data on a user's system);
b) Detecting disclosure of sensitive information (e.g., when information is uploaded to untrusted third-party cloud services or sent via email);
c) blocking user actions or network transmissions that expose sensitive information (e.g. uploading or downloading files to or from cloud services, copying data to a spreadsheet, using portable storage devices, taking screenshots).
- Monitoring of staff communications and online activities should be in accordance with applicable guidelines and laws and regulations (e.g. privacy laws).
Sensitive data masked
EffectiveWhere the protection of sensitive data (e.g. personal data) is a concern, the organisation should consider hiding such data using techniques such as data masking, pseudonymisation, or anonymisation.
**Requirements**
- The organisation should identify and categorise sensitive data that requires masking to meet legal, statutory, regulatory, and contractual requirements.
- The organisation should implement appropriate data masking techniques based on the sensitivity and use case of the data.
- Masking techniques should be applied consistently across production, test, and development environments.
- Data masking procedures should be regularly reviewed and updated to address new risks or changes in data processing.
Information Security Governance
Operational planning created
EffectiveOperational plans are defined and implemented.
**Requirements**
- The operational planning should provide for achieving the information security requirements and objectives.
- Measurable criteria should be established for this and associated process control should be implemented.
- The planning (and progress on it) should be documented and kept up to date.
Scope of the ISMS determined
EffectiveThe organisation should define the scope of its ISMS, taking into account the relevant issues, the stakeholder requirements including legal, statutory, regulatory, and contractual requirements, and the interfaces and dependencies between the activities that the organisation itself carries out and activities that other organisations carry out.
**Requirements**
- This information should be documented and kept up to date.
**Definitions**
**ISMS:** Information Security Management System
Context of the organisation documented
EffectiveThe organisation understands the internal and external context in which it operates and its scope of information security.
**Requirements**
- The organisation should identify external and internal key issues that are relevant to its purpose and that affect its ability to achieve the intended results of its information security management system (ISMS).
- The organisation should further determine which stakeholders are relevant to the management system, and which requirements of these stakeholders are relevant to information security
- The organisation profile provides guidance for risk analysis and determining measures to mitigate risks.
- The organisation profile should be documented and kept up to date.
Third-Party Management
Vendor security policy established
EffectiveRules and procedures for managing information security risks associated with the use of products and services provided by vendors are defined and implemented.
**Requirements**
- The organisation should describe in this document the processes and procedures that the organisation requires the vendor to implement in order to commence (or cease) use of a vendor's products or services.
- The organisation should also describe in this document the following processes and procedures that it implements itself, including:
a) identifying and documenting the types of vendors, products and services that may pose an information security risk, including how they are subsequently evaluated and selected;
b) selecting only vendors, products and services with low risk, adequate information security controls, or adequate compensating measures;
c) managing risks caused by the vendor's use of the organisation's information and other assets, and by vulnerabilities or disruptions in products and services provided;
d) monitoring each type of vendor and each type of access, and taking action where vendors do not meet information security requirements;
e) dealing with incidents and emergencies
f) requirements for personnel of the own organisation and that of the vendor
g) safely terminating vendor relationships.
- The policy should also be applied to cloud service providers, when outsourcing development work, and imposed on the entire ICT supply chain of vendors.
- The policy should be documented, communicated, and kept up to date.
**Definitions**
**Information security risk:** A risk that, if it occurs, could have an impact on the availability, integrity, and/or confidentiality (AIC) of information of the organisation